Transpacific Slave Trade...

[5fish]

It seems there was an Asia slave trade with South and Central America...

file:///C:/Users/DavidandSharon/Downloads/_book_edcoll_9789004346611_BP000055-preview.pdf

snip...

The story of the transpacific slave trade serves as a unique lens for understanding the development of the larger trade to Spanish America. The period of the trade in the Pacific (late 1560s to early 1700s) indicates that the slave trade as a whole changed with the advent of the foreign asientos (monopoly companies), which worked out of West Africa. In this sense, the reorganization of the slave trade and the consolidation of supply networks in the Atlantic arena led to the Africanization of slavery at the end of the seventeenth century. In part, Africans became the consummate slaves in Spanish America because European companies that only traded in African slaves came to dominate the market. The end point also marks the larger study as a whole, which focuses on chino slaves (the general term for all slaves who traveled across the Pacific) in Mexico. After 1672, there was no market for the chinos, for the simple reason they could no longer be legally held as slaves in Spanish America. The end of the transpacific trade thus brings into focus the interconnectedness between these two stories: the rise of the monopoly slave trading companies and the end of non-African slavery in Spanish America

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The transpacific trade involved peoples from disparate places, including East Africa, Portuguese India, the Muslim sultanates of Southeast Asia, and the Spanish Philippines. Once the slaves arrived in Acapulco, they were categorized as either blacks (negros), also called cafres, or chinos.3 Many slaves, however, were not classified at all in the treasury records of incoming slaves, or in other kinds of documentation. It is therefore impossible to calculate the percentage of slaves who were from any one region.4 Any estimate of the overall trade must be understood as including both blacks and chinos. The surviving records only allow for the general observation that Africans became more numerous in the second half of the seventeenth century.5 Their increased numbers point to the critical shift emphasized in this study, which is that Africans became the sole people who could be legally sold at market throughout the Spanish

 

[5fish]

Pull a thread...

History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

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Slavery was widespread in the Philippine islands before the archipelago was integrated into the Spanish Empire. Policies banning slavery that the Spanish crown established for its empire in the Americas were extended to its colony in the Philippines. The viceroyalty of New Spain oversaw the Philippine administratively, and the terminus of the Manila galleon in Acapulco sometimes saw the importation of Philippine slaves, who were labeled chinos. Crown policies regarding the favorable treatment of indigenous populations and prohibition of slavery were enforced in the Americas since the early 16th century. These were initially not always adhered to, though with time and following the spread of Christianity slavery was completely abolished.[1]

What is interesting is that Spain sailed convoys from the Philippines to the Americas and back...

Manila galleon - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

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The Manila galleons (Spanish: Galeón de Manila; Filipino: Galyon ng Maynila) were Spanish trading ships which for two and a half centuries linked the Spanish Captaincy General of the Philippines with Spanish Mexico across the Pacific Ocean, making one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila, which were both part of New Spain. The name of the galleon changed to reflect the city that the ship sailed from.[1] The term Manila galleon can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila, which lasted from 1565 to 1815. The Manila galleons sailed the Pacific for 250 years, bringing to the Americas cargoes of luxury goods such as spices and porcelain in exchange for New World silver. The route also fostered cultural exchanges that shaped the identities and culture of the countries involved. The Manila galleons were also (somewhat confusingly) known in New Spain as La Nao de la China ("The China Ship") on their voyages from the Philippines because they carried mostly Chinese goods, shipped from Manila.[2][3]

 

[5fish]

In the 19th Century the Chinese are imported as indenture servants but were treated as slaves... read the article to get everything...

The Pacific Slave Trade

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Asia for laborers, and from 1840 to 1875, an estimated 138,000 Chinese men were shipped to Latin America and the Caribbean. Proponents of this "coolie trade" claimed willing emigrants were indenturing themselves for a few years–usually between six and eight–after which they would be free to settle in the New World or return home. In fact, few of the laborers from China were voluntary; contracts, when they existed, were often signed under duress and rarely honored. Chinese, saying men were being sold like pigs, referred to the trade as "mai jui jai," the sale of piglets

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About 80% of the men shipped across the Pacific from China were kidnapped or decoyed; most were from the southern coastal region; and close to 100,000 landed in Peru. The Peruvian Congress–during a failed attempt to halt the traffic in 1856–likened it to "a kind of Negro slave trade." But traffickers found shipping Chinese yielded even greater profits than the African slave trade.

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On average, one in seven died; the mortality rate for 1862, however was 41.5%, and on one ship, 246 out of 323 Chinese died. Captives attempted mutinies on most voyages, sometimes more than once. Few, though, were successful, and victories were pyrrhic: mutineers, upon their return to China, were usually jailed, executed, or shipped out again.

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Exporting guano for fertilizer was then Peru's greatest source of wealth, and Chinese performed the bulk of the work in this industry. But most contract laborers toiled on sugar (and, during the 1860s cotton) plantations or in small factories and, in the 1870s, for an American entrepreneur building a railroad. Some were put to work as cooks, bakers, mill hands, gardeners, porters, handymen, and house servants.

 

[5fish]

Here something

https://www.brown.edu/conference/asia-pacific/sites/brown.edu.Conference.Asia-Pacific/files/apma-Seijas.pdf

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This first passage from the Philippines to Mexico constituted the beginnings of the Manila Galleon, which linked the economies of Asia and Spanish America for the next 250 years. The name Manila Galleon refers to the trade route, which ran to and from the ports of Manila and Acapulco, as well as to the ships that yearly plied the waters of the Pacific.6 The royal treasury financed the Galleon infrastructure in order to support the outlying colony, whose economy depended on exporting Chinese goods to the New World in return for its silver.

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The transpacific slave trade was a late sixteenth and seventeenth century phenomenon, which depended on a variety of factors to occur. First, the Spanish Empire had to extend as far as Asia in order for traders to have a base from which to acquire a supply of slaves and organize for their sale overseas. Second, there needed to be a means of transport, which was provided by the Manila Galleon infrastructure. Third, the international political climate had to allow for Portuguese traders with access to faraway regions to deliver slaves for this transoceanic market. Fourth, the local colonial government in the Philippines had to facilitate the export of foreign and indigenous slaves, which included ignoring the enslavement of Spanish vassals and turning a blind eye to contraband. Officials in Mexico had to be equally fraudulent. Finally, the Crown had to permit the slave trade at some level, acknowledging that the colonies needed additional labor and that great profits could be made from such commerce

 

[5fish]

It seems the Spanish brought the Aztecs and The Incas to the Philippine Islands to help fight the Muslims in Southeast Asia. The local Philippine language has Aztec words in it today. @diane

When Tlaxcalan Natives Went to War in the Philippines | Latino Book Review

After a fierce battle against the Spaniards in current Tlaxcala, Mexico, Tlaxcalan natives opted to ally themselves with the invaders on September 23, 1519. In exchange for joining forces and becoming christianized, the Tlaxcalans were promised several b

www.latinobookreview.com